38 pages 1 hour read

Less

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2017

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Chapters 1-4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Less at First”

Arthur Less sits in a hotel lobby with a Russian cosmonaut’s helmet. He is a writer, approaching 50, and does not know that he is late for a literary event. Near him, a young Japanese woman in a brown coat flits between the female guests. Less does not notice her. She is the person who will escort him to the event, though she “believes Arthur Less to be a woman” (9). Having read one of Less’s novels, she was certain the compelling female narrator could only have been written by a woman. Meanwhile, Less continues to stare at a broken clock. He is in New York to interview a famous science fiction author at the literary event. The woman exits the lobby. Less has never developed a hardened edge to the world, and he exists in danger of heartbreak. He has dedicated the past nine years to a younger man. A clock chiming the hour alerts Less to his own lateness. The young woman finally finds him and leads him to the event. He knows why he was asked to host the event: He is desperate enough not to ask to be paid. He has read all of books by the author—H. H. H. Mandern—in the past few months. But now Mandern has been struck by food poisoning.

Less has organized a round-the-world trip to avoid a former lover’s wedding. For the past 15 years he has technically been a bachelor (after dating a famous poet since the age of 21). The matter was complicated by Less’s rival, Carlos Pelu, whom he met in 1987 and hated right away. At a birthday party 20 years later, Less met Carlos’s adopted son, Freddy. Less and Freddy began to date, and they spent 15 years in an intermittent semi-relationship. In that time Less dated other men but none held his attention. He always returned to Freddy. Eventually, however, Freddy ended the relationship to date another man. Months later Less received a wedding invitation and knew that he could not attend. He has accepted every available offer from around the world to ensure that he will be out of the country at the time of the wedding.

The first item on the agenda is the interview with Mandern, followed by a conference in Mexico City; a prize ceremony in Turin; a short stint teaching in Berlin; a brief indulgent trip across Morocco that Less cannot really afford, which will coincide with Less’s 50th birthday; a writer’s retreat in one of Carlos’s resorts in India; and finally Japan, where he has accepted a commission to write an article about traditional kaiseki cuisine. He left his home in San Francisco two days before the interview with Mandern, determined to be as thrifty as possible and not to think about Freddy.

On his first night in New York Less watches a bad Broadway show and eats a cheap hot dog for dinner. The next day he visits the bookstore owner who is hosting the interview. Less plans on wearing his blue suit, bought from a tailor in Ho Chi Minh City three years previous. The suit has become an essential part of his personality; “without the suit, there is no Arthur Less” (23). But he is warned that to interview Mandern on Halloween, he will need something more. He searches the gentrified streets of New York, which is unrecognizable from the city of his youth. A man embraces Less before Less can remember who it is. After an awkward exchange, Less finally recalls that this is Howard, a former lover. They depart.

Less did not publish until he was into his thirties. He spent years living with Robert Brownburn, a famous poet, who encouraged Less to write. Less’s first book was a moderate success, the second less so, and the third—though back with a large publicity budget—was a disappointment. Not many attended A Night with Arthur Less. By this time, he and Robert had broken up. Less hopes that this visit to New York will coincide with good news from his publisher regarding his fourth novel. He meets his agent Peter Hunt and, after they share a meal, learns that the publisher has passed on the book. Peter recommends editing the novel while traveling. Less returns to his room and runs a bath. He considers the city and his own self, feeling as though he is “the first homosexual ever to grow old” (28). He thinks about Robert (to whom Less seemed so young) and Freddy (who made Less feel so old). The bathwater turns cold. The narrator reveals his own memories of Arthur Less; he was 12 and at an adult party when a tall young blonde man spoke to him. It was Less, who led the narrator to the kitchen, where the narrator drew Less. At the time, Less was 27. The narrator had assumed he was younger. Then, Robert appeared and led Less away.

Less drinks Manhattans in a bar that is unchanged since his youth. He discusses his round-the-world plans with a younger man. Conversation eventually switches to Freddy. Less spies a cosmonaut helmet above the bar and asks to borrow it. Later, while Mandern vomits repeatedly in the theater, an older woman asks “who the hell is Arthur Less” (33). Less is more than familiar with the question; he has been many things to many people. He knows that no one will remember the interviewer wearing the cosmonaut helmet. The audience is in attendance for Mandern, even though Less is the one who saves the interview (and possibly Mandern’s career). He knows that the answer to the question of “who the hell is Arthur Less” (33) is, in fact, nobody.

Chapter 2 Summary: “Less Mexican”

Freddy once tried to define Less in a single sentence, suggesting that Arthur Less is “bravest person I know” (37). Less thinks of this whenever he boards a flight, and the flight is always ruined as a result. The plane to Mexico experiences turbulence, and the young Japanese tourist beside Less grabs his hand. The plane lands and Less is met by Arturo, a local writer who will be Less’s escort for the next three days. Arturo welcomes Less to Mexico, assuming that it is Less’s first time in the country. Less worries that the man is a poet. He thinks about the school of artists to which Robert belonged, the Russian River School. Less arrived too late for the collection’s years of decadence; they were always kind to Less, though he scandalously stole Robert away from his wife. Most are now dead, though Robert is still alive yet very sick in a facility in Sonoma. The drive to the hotel is long. Less is introduced to the excitable hotel owner, a fan of Robert’s work. Arturo regretfully explains to Less that the entire festival will be in Spanish, and he will not be needed until the third day. Arturo offers to show Less the city instead.

The next morning Less meets the festival organizer. Harold Van Dervander is an American man in his sixties who quotes lines from a poet Less does not know. He explains that the festival is hosted in Mexico due to the low price of local medicine. Van Dervander accompanies Less and Arturo, as he also does not speak Spanish. Less recalls his first trip to Mexico, which he does not care to mention. Nearly 30 years ago Robert surprised him with a sudden trip south of the border in a beat-up BMW and a bag of marijuana and mescaline. They spent a weekend in a seaside hotel, and Less was so smitten that he never thought to ask Robert about his wife. He grew so used to secrecy that he never mentions the trip to anyone.

Arturo leads them on the subway, and they emerge into a city that reminds Less of Madrid. They tour the market, led by a woman in a black dress who feeds them local delicacies from the stalls. As they walk, Van Dervander inquires about Robert, asking what it was like to know a genius. The tour group tries increasingly spicy foods, and Less embarrasses himself by using an accidental double-entendre.

Less thinks back on a ring, given to him by Robert, which signified an unofficial marriage between the two. At the time Less was far from monogamous. Shortly after Less ended one particularly intense affair, he lost his ring in a grocery store. People helped him search for it but to no avail. Less panicked over the symbolic meaning of the loss and then found the ring, gleefully telling Robert about the incident over dinner.

The Mexican subway is busier on the ride back to the hotel. Before he can retire to his room, Arturo insists that Less try mescal, a type of drink taken with an orange slice coated in toasted worms. As they get drunk, Arturo offers to take Less to Teotihuacan the next day. Less accepts without knowing anything about it. Then, he learns that his event includes a conversation with Marian Brownburn, Robert’s ex-wife, whom he has not seen in 30 years. Less returns to the hotel drunk, stinking “of smoke and worms” (50).

The next day Less awakes early. Arturo meets him, accompanied by two friends who do not speak English. They meet a history professor who will act as their tour guide, and they drive to the ancient ruins of Teotihuacan. They spend the morning climbing two pyramids, and the professor explains how little is known of the pre-Aztec peoples who built the structures. Less reflects on the time he spent living with Robert, who has all the curious habits of a poet. He recalls the perpetual sense of doubt and the occasional delight of luck.

On Less’s third day in Mexico he attends the festival. As he anxiously waits, he is told that Marian is not coming. She has broken her hip. The event will be an improvised discussion between Less and Van Dervander. Less remembers a time—aged 21—when he sat on a beach on a hot day and lied to a middle-aged woman about his age. It was 1987 and, despite the fun being had on the beach, many people were terrified by the AIDS crisis. The woman’s husband sat up and announced that he was going into the sea. She asked Less to accompany him, introducing herself as Marian and her husband as Robert, “a great poet but a terrible swimmer” (56). By the next spring Less was living with Robert.

Less tries to focus on the event as he gets onstage, preparing for the hastily retitled Una Noche con Arthur Less.

Chapter 3 Summary: “Less Italian”

Before departing for Italy Less purchases a selection of medicines from a Mexican pharmacy. This includes sleeping pills. He sits on the plane and takes one, the anxious memories of the previous night still echoing through his mind. When he wakes, the other passengers are asleep. He takes another pill and wakes up when breakfast is served onboard. The plane descends into Frankfurt, where Less has a short layover. Worried that he still feels the effects of the sedative, he takes an itinerary of the days ahead. There are numerous events leading up to the prize ceremony, and Less already knows that he has not won. He dreamily walks through the Frankfurt airport, searching for his terminal. He falls asleep and wakes up on a bus, surrounded by American businessmen. Hazily, he boards a plane and sleeps again. This time he wakes up in Italy. He exits the airport without any trouble, meets his driver, and falls asleep in the back of the car. Less has visited Italy on two occasions. Once when he was 12, on a family he barely remembers. Later he returned to Rome with Robert. Less wakes to see the countryside outside the car window. He realizes that he is in the wrong car and wonders what kind of person the car was intended for. He arrives at the luxurious Mondolce Golf Resort and is greeted by a beautiful woman who, to Less’s surprise, uses his correct name. He is in the right place.

Having arrived a day before the other prize finalists, Less has the hotel to himself. He uses the facilities and dines alone. He sits before a wood fire in his spacious room. With a set of rubber bands, he exercises in his room. He remembers one particularly hot summer from his youth in Delaware, when he played baseball at his parents’ insistence. Though he displayed no real talent for the sport, he was stuck out in right field and—one day—he caught a high, looping ball. The crowd cheered.

Less has only been up for a prize on one previous occasion. His agent informed him that the mysterious Wilde and Stein Literary Laurels were “something gay” (67), much to Robert’s consternation. Less was persuaded to attend, at a time after he and Robert had broken up. Less asked Freddy to accompany him as a date. At the award ceremony Less recognized no one. In this situation, Freddy came alive. He knew many names and introduced Less to them. A man delivered a speech, calling for the casting out of “the assimilationists, the ones who write the way straight people write” (68). The audience applauded wildly, and Less felt a sudden urge to leave. He was not the winner of the prize.

In Turin the shortlist is selected by an elderly commit, while the final jury is composed of 12 high school students. Less sees the teenagers around the hotel and is introduced to his fellow finalists. One is a younger Italian man with tattoos; the other three are older: Luisa, Alessandro, and Harry (though his real name is Finnish and unpronounceable). Less struggles to match the other writers with the synopses of their work. As Less talks to his fellow authors, they compliment his work. He replies that he does not think he stands a chance of winning. Less spots the man he knows has won, an Englishman named Fosters Lancett. Lancett asks for a cigarette. When Less says that he knows that Lancett has already won, Lancett walks away to smoke.

Over the next two days life in the hotel is spent in packs: the teenage jury, the elderly prize committee, and the finalists all keep to themselves. Only Lancett moves between them. Less, fearing judgment in the spa, returns to the forgotten exercise bands in his room. The schedule is busy, including lectures and interviews and a trip into the mountains. Then, they attend the prize ceremony. Less remembers attending the ceremony when Robert won the Pulitzer Prize. One of his friends advised Less never to win such a prize. If he does, she told him, then it is “all over” (72), and he will spend the rest of his days lecturing.

Less sits in the auditorium, watching the ceremony. Less drifts away, not understanding the Italian speeches. He feels as though he does not belong in this place. He worries that attending was a huge mistake, that his poorly received third book was mistranslated into Italian and imbued with undeserved genius. He remembers the lead up to his first prize ceremony, how he prepared with Freddy. He remembers the lunch before Robert’s Pulitzer award, when he ranted about the nature of the prize. He is so lost in his thoughts that he does not even hear his name called out. Less wins the prize.

Chapter 4 Summary: “Less German”

Less calls his German publisher and—in broken German—tries to correct a typo regarding his date of birth. After so long in Italy, Less is relieved to be in a country where he believes that he can speak the language. He is also arriving in the country “on the winds of success” (78). Less began learning German at age nine. He remembers a German exchange student named Ludwig, who lived with Less’s family and with whom Less had a romantic fling. In Germany Less teaches a course named Read Like a Vampire, Write Like Frankenstein to 30 students. His German is error-strewn but confidently deployed.

The day before, Less met Hans, the man assigned to be his teaching assistant. Hans drives Less to the small university apartment where Less will live during his five-week course. The door is opened by an electronic fob that chirps like a bird. Hans returns later in the evening to take Less to dinner. In attempt to steam his shirts, Less sets off the fire alarm and endures an awkward conversation with the security guard, who fetches him an iron. Hans drives Less to a traditional German restaurant, where Hans’s friends are already seated. As the conversation continues around him, Less cannot help but think of Robert and of attending his mother’s funeral the previous year. He blurts out to the table, “you boys don’t know anything about death” (81) in perfect German and does not know why he said it. Bastian, one of Hans’s friends, insists on taking Less to a bar, and Less agrees to take a taxi home. He waves goodbye to Hans. But instead of going to the bar, they return to Bastian’s apartment. Less spends the night there. The next morning, however, Less struggles with the electronic fob. Worried about teaching his first class in his current state, he spies an open window, so he scales the building’s exterior. As he climbs higher, he wonders how the newspapers will report his inevitable death.

The aim of Less’s course is not necessarily to teach students about literature but to teach them “to love language again” (83). Through fun games and exercises they come to appreciate Less as a more relaxed alternative to their stress-filled university work. Less grows a beard and spends more time with Bastian in Berlin, even though they are not well-suited as lovers. One day Bastian falls sick, and Less cares for him. Bastian recovers. Bastian’s friends, he reveals, have dubbed Less “Peter Pen.” The nickname is a result of Less’s childlike German and his escapades climbing the dormitory wall. It is Bastian who suggests that Less grow a beard. Less is not aware that he is “no champion in bed” (86). His kiss and his touch, however, make up for his inadequacies. Less notices that Hans becomes increasingly morose. One day Hans faints in class. Soon, more people fall sick. Less worries and discusses the issue with Bastian, as well as his worries about an upcoming reading and Freddy’s imminent wedding.

The literary reading is held in a nightclub named Spy Club and begins at 11 p.m. Less cannot help but think this is a mistake. People are dressed as spies, even carrying fake guns. The American Less is introduced to his Soviet counterpart. At midnight the music will stop, and they will read to the crowd in alternating segments. Less thinks this is a plot to humiliate him. He is very aware that Freddy’s wedding is taking place at the same time. The lights come on and the music stops as Less is imagining the wedding. The crowd listens to him read from the German translation of his first novel; the unseen crowd stands silently in the dark. During his second segment, someone in the crowd faints. By the time the lights go up, three people have fainted. Less worries that he is boring people to death, killing people with his inferior German skills. He spies Bastian at the back of the club. When the music resumes, Bastian hands Less a pill. The rest of the evening is a blur. Less recalls himself dancing wildly to a Madonna song as people cheer for Peter Pan.

On Less’s last day in Germany he awakens to find “a wall erected between his five weeks in Berlin and reality” (93). Beside him, Bastian falls asleep again. Less packs, still in a daze. He makes himself coffee and realizes that Freddy must now be married. At the airport, Less’s publisher calls to tell him that the evening was a success. Though he is meant to head to Morocco, he does not.

Chapters 1-4 Analysis

The opening half of the novel sets up several key themes. One of the most pertinent is the identity of the narrator. It quickly becomes clear that the narration is not provided by a third-person, omniscient point of view. Rather, the narrator has a personal relationship with Arthur Less that transcends the typical relationship between narrator and protagonist. They have interacted in the past, the narrator knows certain things about Less that he is deliberately withholding from the audience, and there are judgments imparted upon Less that take very clear moral positions on the efficacy or necessity of certain actions. This is atypical and compels the reader to question the narrator’s identity. In the final chapter, when the narrator is revealed to be Freddy, the narration’s appreciative, facetious, and slightly adoring tone makes sense. The narrative style reflects the romantic relationship upon which the plot is predicated.

This style of narration becomes an important thematic device. The narration is used to draw the reader closer to Less, to make the audience sympathize with a character who sometimes acts selfishly or irrationally. Less has many flaws. He is vain, self-defeating, and self-absorbed. He struggles to recognize the positive qualities of his life and cannot acknowledge his good fortune. If he were subject to an objective, detached narration, then these flaws might be exacerbated, which could curb the reader’s sympathy. By demonstrating a sincere affection for Arthur Less, Freddy’s narration has an important effect upon the reader: it validates interest in the protagonist. Because the narration sees value in Less’s journey—and because the narration is insightful and comical—it justifies Less’s role as the protagonist. If the narrator can find value in Less’s misdeeds, then readers can more easily buy into the narrative. The reveal that Freddy is the narrator is not just a cheap device to create a closing plot twist; it propels the narrative and ensures that the audience’s interest in Arthur Less and his foibles is justified.

 

Another clear narrative device established in the opening chapters is the book’s careful structure. Each chapter is dedicated to a different country. As Less moves from the United States to Mexico to Italy and to Germany, the story is divided into episodic chapters. Each chapter represents a different destination and a different theme. In New York, for example, Less is confronted with his faltering literary career. His publisher is not interested in his new novel, and he is stuck interviewing an author he does not respect (but who is vastly more successful). In Mexico, Less deals with cultural and language barriers and feels increasingly alienated. In Italy, his literary career is given some justification in the form of an award. In Germany, he has a brief relationship and learns to share his love of literature with others. Each country represents a different stage in his journey, making the round-the-world trip a framing device. Each destination allows an investigation into a different aspect of Less’s character and his history.

Among the characters Less meets on his travels, there are those whom he likes (Bastian) and those he clearly dislikes (Lancett). Each of them carries a symbolic weight and a deeper meaning that advances Less’s journey toward self-realization. The importance of Bastian is that he becomes a stand-in for Less’s lost love. Freddy was significantly younger than Less, and the age difference partly defined their relationship. In his brief romance with Bastian, Less sees echoes of his time with Freddy, such as the way he nurses Bastian back to health or the way they sit together on the bed. Bastian teaches Less that he is still an attractive and viable romantic partner. After worrying that he is too old and ugly, Less is comforted by the fact that he can enjoy a satisfying (if fleeting) relationship with a younger man. But at the same time, it is a reminder of the painful reason why Less is in Europe. The echoes of Freddy become painful. Less worries that every relationship will be cast in the shadow of his time with Freddy (or his time with Robert). This is an inescapable problem for Less, meaning that by the time he leaves Bastian he feels a sense of relief. He does not have to be constantly reminded of the wedding taking place in America. Though Less still defines himself in relation to the time he spent with Freddy (and Robert), he knows that this is a joy that he can recapture if he so desires. The fact that it is painful, however, leaves Less wondering whether he will ever want to recapture that feeling at all.

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